add note ownership

src/main/java/com/lhamacorp/knotes/api/NoteController.java

@@ -4,6 +4,9 @@ import com.lhamacorp.knotes.api.dto.NoteMetadata;
 import com.lhamacorp.knotes.api.dto.NoteRequest;
 import com.lhamacorp.knotes.api.dto.NoteResponse;
 import com.lhamacorp.knotes.api.dto.NoteUpdateRequest;
+import com.lhamacorp.knotes.context.UserContext;
+import com.lhamacorp.knotes.context.UserContextHolder;
+import com.lhamacorp.knotes.domain.EncryptionMode;
 import com.lhamacorp.knotes.domain.Note;
 import com.lhamacorp.knotes.service.NoteService;
 import org.springframework.http.ResponseEntity;
@@ -11,6 +14,12 @@ import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.*;
 
 import java.util.List;
 
+import static com.lhamacorp.knotes.context.UserContextHolder.isAuthenticated;
+import static com.lhamacorp.knotes.domain.EncryptionMode.PRIVATE;
+import static com.lhamacorp.knotes.domain.EncryptionMode.PUBLIC;
+import static org.springframework.http.ResponseEntity.badRequest;
+import static org.springframework.http.ResponseEntity.ok;
+
 @RestController
 @RequestMapping("api/notes")
 @CrossOrigin(origins = "*")
@@ -24,31 +33,73 @@ public class NoteController {
 
     @GetMapping
     public ResponseEntity<List<String>> findByUserId() {
-        return ResponseEntity.ok(service.findAll());
+        return ok(service.findAll());
     }
 
     @GetMapping("{id}")
-    public ResponseEntity<NoteResponse> find(@PathVariable String id) {
+    public ResponseEntity<NoteResponse> find(@PathVariable String id,
+                                             @RequestParam(required = false) String password) {
+        UserContext user = UserContextHolder.get();
         Note note = service.findById(id);
-        return ResponseEntity.ok().body(NoteResponse.from(note));
+
+        EncryptionMode mode = note.encryptionMode() != null ? note.encryptionMode() : PUBLIC;
+
+        return switch (mode) {
+            case PRIVATE -> ok().body(NoteResponse.fromPrivate(note, user.id()));
+            case PASSWORD_SHARED -> ok().body(NoteResponse.fromPasswordShared(note, password));
+            case PUBLIC -> ok().body(NoteResponse.from(note));
+        };
     }
 
     @GetMapping("{id}/metadata")
     public ResponseEntity<NoteMetadata> getMetadata(@PathVariable String id) {
         NoteMetadata metadata = service.findMetadataById(id);
-        return ResponseEntity.ok().body(metadata);
+        return ok().body(metadata);
     }
 
     @PutMapping("{id}")
-    public ResponseEntity<NoteResponse> update(@PathVariable String id, @RequestBody NoteUpdateRequest request) {
-        Note updatedNote = service.update(id, request.content());
-        return ResponseEntity.ok().body(NoteResponse.from(updatedNote));
+    public ResponseEntity<NoteResponse> update(@PathVariable String id,
+                                               @RequestBody NoteUpdateRequest request,
+                                               @RequestParam(required = false) String password) {
+        UserContext user = UserContextHolder.get();
+        String userId = user.id();
+
+        if ("1".equals(userId) && request.encryptionMode() != null
+                && !request.encryptionMode().equals("PUBLIC")) {
+            return badRequest().build();
+        }
+
+        EncryptionMode mode = null;
+        if (request.encryptionMode() != null && !request.encryptionMode().isEmpty()) {
+            try {
+                mode = EncryptionMode.valueOf(request.encryptionMode().toUpperCase());
+            } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
+                return badRequest().build();
+            }
+        }
+
+        Note updatedNote = service.update(id, request.content(), mode, password);
+        EncryptionMode finalMode = updatedNote.encryptionMode() != null ? updatedNote.encryptionMode() : PUBLIC;
+
+        return switch (finalMode) {
+            case PRIVATE -> ok().body(NoteResponse.fromPrivate(updatedNote, userId));
+            case PASSWORD_SHARED -> ok().body(NoteResponse.fromPasswordShared(updatedNote, password));
+            case PUBLIC -> ok().body(NoteResponse.from(updatedNote));
+        };
     }
 
     @PostMapping
     public ResponseEntity<NoteResponse> save(@RequestBody NoteRequest request) {
-        Note savedNote = service.save(request.note());
-        return ResponseEntity.ok().body(NoteResponse.from(savedNote));
+        String userId = isAuthenticated() ? UserContextHolder.get().id() : "1";
+
+        EncryptionMode mode = userId.equals("1") ? PUBLIC : PRIVATE;
+        Note savedNote = service.save(request.note(), mode);
+
+        return switch (mode) {
+            case PRIVATE -> ok().body(NoteResponse.fromPrivate(savedNote, userId));
+            case PUBLIC -> ok().body(NoteResponse.from(savedNote));
+            default -> throw new IllegalStateException("PASSWORD_SHARED not supported in this endpoint");
+        };
     }
 
 }

src/main/java/com/lhamacorp/knotes/api/dto/NoteMetadata.java

@@ -1,16 +1,38 @@
 package com.lhamacorp.knotes.api.dto;
 
+import com.lhamacorp.knotes.domain.EncryptionMode;
 import com.lhamacorp.knotes.domain.Note;
 
 import java.time.Instant;
 
-public record NoteMetadata(String id, Instant createdAt, Instant modifiedAt) {
+/**
+ * Metadata-only response DTO for content information without content.
+ *
+ * <p>Provides lightweight content information including encryption status
+ * without the overhead of decrypting content. Useful for list views
+ * and metadata operations.</p>
+ */
+public record NoteMetadata(
+        String id,
+        Instant createdAt,
+        Instant modifiedAt,
+        EncryptionMode encryptionMode,
+        Boolean requiresPassword
+) {
 
+    /**
+     * Creates metadata from a content without retrieving content.
+     *
+     * @param note the content to extract metadata from
+     * @return NoteMetadata with encryption status information
+     */
     public static NoteMetadata from(Note note) {
         return new NoteMetadata(
             note.id(),
             note.createdAt(),
-            note.modifiedAt()
+            note.modifiedAt(),
+            note.encryptionMode() != null ? note.encryptionMode() : EncryptionMode.PUBLIC,
+            note.requiresPassword() != null ? note.requiresPassword() : false
         );
     }
 }

src/main/java/com/lhamacorp/knotes/api/dto/NoteResponse.java

@@ -1,17 +1,60 @@
 package com.lhamacorp.knotes.api.dto;
 
+import com.lhamacorp.knotes.domain.EncryptionMode;
 import com.lhamacorp.knotes.domain.Note;
 
 import java.time.Instant;
 
-public record NoteResponse(String id, String content, Instant createdAt, Instant modifiedAt) {
+public record NoteResponse(
+        String id,
+        String content,
+        Instant createdAt,
+        Instant modifiedAt,
+        EncryptionMode encryptionMode,
+        Boolean requiresPassword
+) {
 
     public static NoteResponse from(Note note) {
         return new NoteResponse(
-            note.id(),
-            note.content(),
-            note.createdAt(),
-            note.modifiedAt()
+                note.id(),
+                note.content(),
+                note.createdAt(),
+                note.modifiedAt(),
+                note.encryptionMode() != null ? note.encryptionMode() : EncryptionMode.PUBLIC,
+                note.requiresPassword() != null ? note.requiresPassword() : false
+        );
+    }
+
+    public static NoteResponse fromPrivate(Note note, String requestingUserId) {
+        return new NoteResponse(
+                note.id(),
+                note.content(requestingUserId, null),
+                note.createdAt(),
+                note.modifiedAt(),
+                note.encryptionMode() != null ? note.encryptionMode() : EncryptionMode.PUBLIC,
+                note.requiresPassword() != null ? note.requiresPassword() : false
+        );
+    }
+
+    public static NoteResponse fromPasswordShared(Note note, String password) {
+        return new NoteResponse(
+                note.id(),
+                note.content(null, password),
+                note.createdAt(),
+                note.modifiedAt(),
+                note.encryptionMode() != null ? note.encryptionMode() : EncryptionMode.PUBLIC,
+                note.requiresPassword() != null ? note.requiresPassword() : false
+        );
+    }
+
+    public static NoteResponse fromWithAuth(Note note, String requestingUserId, String password) {
+        return new NoteResponse(
+                note.id(),
+                note.content(requestingUserId, password),
+                note.createdAt(),
+                note.modifiedAt(),
+                note.encryptionMode() != null ? note.encryptionMode() : EncryptionMode.PUBLIC,
+                note.requiresPassword() != null ? note.requiresPassword() : false
         );
     }
 }

src/main/java/com/lhamacorp/knotes/api/dto/NoteUpdateRequest.java

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
 package com.lhamacorp.knotes.api.dto;
 
-public record NoteUpdateRequest(String content) {
+public record NoteUpdateRequest(String content, String encryptionMode) {
 }

src/main/java/com/lhamacorp/knotes/client/AuthClient.java

@@ -11,6 +11,8 @@ import org.springframework.web.client.RestTemplate;
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Map;
 
+import static org.springframework.http.HttpMethod.GET;
+
 @Component
 public class AuthClient {
 
@@ -30,7 +32,7 @@ public class AuthClient {
         HttpEntity<Map<String, String>> entity = new HttpEntity<>(null, headers);
 
         try {
-            ResponseEntity<CurrentUser> response = rest.exchange(baseUrl + "/users/current", HttpMethod.GET, entity, CurrentUser.class);
+            ResponseEntity<CurrentUser> response = rest.exchange(baseUrl + "/users/current", GET, entity, CurrentUser.class);
 
             if (response.getStatusCode() == HttpStatus.OK) {
                 return response.getBody();

src/main/java/com/lhamacorp/knotes/config/CacheConfig.java

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ public class CacheConfig {
     public CacheManager cacheManager() {
         CaffeineCache content = build("content", ofSeconds(60), 1000);
         CaffeineCache metadata = build("metadata", ofSeconds(10), 500);
-        CaffeineCache current = build("current", ofSeconds(60), 1000);
+        CaffeineCache current = build("current", ofSeconds(300), 1000);
 
         SimpleCacheManager manager = new SimpleCacheManager();
         manager.setCaches(List.of(content, metadata, current));

src/main/java/com/lhamacorp/knotes/context/UserContextHolder.java

@@ -12,6 +12,10 @@ public class UserContextHolder {
         return CONTEXT.get();
     }
 
+    public static boolean isAuthenticated() {
+        return CONTEXT.get().roles().contains("USER");
+    }
+
     public static void clear() {
         CONTEXT.remove();
     }

src/main/java/com/lhamacorp/knotes/domain/EncryptionMode.java

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+package com.lhamacorp.knotes.domain;
+
+public enum EncryptionMode {
+
+    PUBLIC, PRIVATE, PASSWORD_SHARED
+}

src/main/java/com/lhamacorp/knotes/domain/Note.java

@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
 package com.lhamacorp.knotes.domain;
 
+import com.lhamacorp.knotes.exception.DecryptionException;
+import com.lhamacorp.knotes.exception.UnauthorizedException;
 import com.lhamacorp.knotes.util.CompressionUtils;
+import com.lhamacorp.knotes.util.EncryptionUtils;
 import org.bson.types.Binary;
 import org.springframework.data.annotation.Id;
 import org.springframework.data.mongodb.core.mapping.Document;
@@ -8,23 +11,116 @@ import org.springframework.data.mongodb.core.mapping.Field;
 
 import java.time.Instant;
 
+import static com.lhamacorp.knotes.domain.EncryptionMode.PUBLIC;
+
 @Document("notes")
 public record Note(
         @Id String id,
         @Field("content") Binary compressedData,
         String createdBy,
         Instant createdAt,
-        Instant modifiedAt
+        Instant modifiedAt,
+        EncryptionMode encryptionMode,
+        @Field("salt") Binary encryptionSalt,
+        Boolean requiresPassword
 ) {
-
     public Note(String id, String content, String createdBy, Instant createdAt, Instant modifiedAt) {
-        this(id, content != null ? new Binary(CompressionUtils.compress(content)) : null, createdBy, createdAt, modifiedAt);
+        this(id, content, createdBy, createdAt, modifiedAt, PUBLIC, null);
+    }
+
+    public Note(String id, String content, String createdBy, Instant createdAt, Instant modifiedAt, EncryptionMode encryptionMode, String password) {
+        EncryptionMode finalMode = encryptionMode != null ? encryptionMode : PUBLIC;
+
+        byte[] salt = null;
+        if (finalMode != PUBLIC) {
+            salt = EncryptionUtils.generateSalt();
+        }
+
+        Binary processedContent = processContent(content, finalMode, createdBy, password, salt);
+        Binary storedSalt = salt != null ? new Binary(salt) : null;
+
+        this(id, processedContent, createdBy, createdAt, modifiedAt, finalMode, storedSalt, finalMode == EncryptionMode.PASSWORD_SHARED);
     }
 
     public String content() {
+        return content(null, null);
+    }
+
+    public String content(String requestingUserId, String password) {
         if (compressedData == null) {
             return null;
         }
-        return CompressionUtils.decompress(compressedData.getData());
+
+        byte[] data = compressedData.getData();
+
+        EncryptionMode mode = encryptionMode != null ? encryptionMode : PUBLIC;
+
+        if (mode != PUBLIC && !"1".equals(createdBy)) {
+            if (encryptionSalt == null) {
+                throw new DecryptionException("Encryption metadata missing for encrypted content");
+            }
+
+            byte[] salt = encryptionSalt.getData();
+            byte[] key;
+
+            try {
+                if (mode == EncryptionMode.PRIVATE) {
+                    if (!createdBy.equals(requestingUserId)) {
+                        throw new UnauthorizedException("Not authorized to decrypt this content");
+                    }
+                    key = EncryptionUtils.deriveOwnerKey(requestingUserId, salt);
+
+                } else {
+                    if (password == null || password.isEmpty()) {
+                        throw new DecryptionException("Password required to decrypt this content");
+                    }
+                    key = EncryptionUtils.derivePasswordKey(password, salt);
+                }
+
+                data = EncryptionUtils.decrypt(data, key, salt);
+
+            } catch (DecryptionException | UnauthorizedException e) {
+                throw e;
+            } catch (Exception e) {
+                throw new DecryptionException("Failed to decrypt content", e);
+            }
+        }
+
+        return CompressionUtils.decompress(data);
+    }
+
+    private static Binary processContent(String content, EncryptionMode encryptionMode, String createdBy, String password, byte[] salt) {
+        if (content == null) {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        byte[] compressed = CompressionUtils.compress(content);
+        EncryptionMode mode = encryptionMode != null ? encryptionMode : PUBLIC;
+
+        if (mode == PUBLIC || "1".equals(createdBy) || salt == null) {
+            return new Binary(compressed);
+        }
+
+        byte[] key;
+
+        try {
+            if (mode == EncryptionMode.PRIVATE) {
+                key = EncryptionUtils.deriveOwnerKey(createdBy, salt);
+            } else {
+                if (password == null || password.isEmpty()) {
+                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("Password required for PASSWORD_SHARED mode");
+                }
+                key = EncryptionUtils.derivePasswordKey(password, salt);
+            }
+
+            byte[] encrypted = EncryptionUtils.encrypt(compressed, key);
+            return new Binary(encrypted);
+
+        } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
+            throw e;
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            throw new RuntimeException("Failed to encrypt content content", e);
+        }
     }
+
 }

src/main/java/com/lhamacorp/knotes/exception/DecryptionException.java

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+package com.lhamacorp.knotes.exception;
+
+import org.springframework.http.HttpStatus;
+import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.ResponseStatus;
+
+/**
+ * Exception thrown when content decryption fails.
+ *
+ * <p>This exception is thrown in the following scenarios:</p>
+ * <ul>
+ *   <li>Incorrect password provided for PASSWORD_SHARED notes</li>
+ *   <li>Corrupted or tampered encryption data</li>
+ *   <li>Missing password when accessing PASSWORD_SHARED notes</li>
+ *   <li>Invalid encryption format or metadata</li>
+ * </ul>
+ *
+ * <p>Returns HTTP 400 Bad Request to prevent information leakage about
+ * the specific cause of decryption failure (security by obscurity).</p>
+ */
+@ResponseStatus(value = HttpStatus.BAD_REQUEST)
+public class DecryptionException extends RuntimeException {
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs a new DecryptionException with the specified detail message.
+     *
+     * @param message the detail message explaining the decryption failure
+     */
+    public DecryptionException(String message) {
+        super(message);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Constructs a new DecryptionException with the specified detail message and cause.
+     *
+     * @param message the detail message explaining the decryption failure
+     * @param cause the underlying cause of the decryption failure
+     */
+    public DecryptionException(String message, Throwable cause) {
+        super(message, cause);
+    }
+}

src/main/java/com/lhamacorp/knotes/service/NoteService.java

@@ -1,32 +1,32 @@
 package com.lhamacorp.knotes.service;
 
 import com.github.f4b6a3.ulid.Ulid;
-import com.github.f4b6a3.ulid.UlidCreator;
 import com.lhamacorp.knotes.api.dto.NoteMetadata;
 import com.lhamacorp.knotes.context.UserContext;
 import com.lhamacorp.knotes.context.UserContextHolder;
+import com.lhamacorp.knotes.domain.EncryptionMode;
 import com.lhamacorp.knotes.domain.Note;
 import com.lhamacorp.knotes.exception.NotFoundException;
+import com.lhamacorp.knotes.exception.UnauthorizedException;
 import com.lhamacorp.knotes.repository.NoteRepository;
-import org.slf4j.Logger;
 import org.springframework.cache.annotation.CacheEvict;
 import org.springframework.cache.annotation.Cacheable;
 import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
 
 import java.time.Instant;
-import java.util.Collections;
 import java.util.List;
 
+import static com.github.f4b6a3.ulid.UlidCreator.getUlid;
+import static com.lhamacorp.knotes.domain.EncryptionMode.PRIVATE;
+import static com.lhamacorp.knotes.domain.EncryptionMode.PUBLIC;
 import static java.time.Instant.now;
 import static java.util.Collections.emptyList;
-import static org.slf4j.LoggerFactory.getLogger;
 
 @Service
 public class NoteService {
 
     private final NoteRepository repository;
 
-    private static final Logger log = getLogger(NoteService.class);
     private static final String NOT_FOUND = "Note not found!";
 
     public NoteService(NoteRepository repository) {
@@ -40,41 +40,57 @@ public class NoteService {
     public List<String> findAll() {
         UserContext user = UserContextHolder.get();
 
-        //id 1 is anon and this should only return a list for authenticated users
         return "1".equals(user.id())
                 ? emptyList()
                 : repository.findAllByCreatedBy(user.id()).stream().map(Note::id).toList();
-
     }
 
     @Cacheable(value = "content", key = "#id")
     public Note findById(String id) {
-        return repository.findById(id).orElseThrow(() -> new NotFoundException(NOT_FOUND));
+        return repository.findById(id)
+                .orElseThrow(() -> new NotFoundException(NOT_FOUND));
     }
 
     @Cacheable(value = "metadata", key = "#id")
     public NoteMetadata findMetadataById(String id) {
-        Note noteProjection = repository.findMetadataById(id).orElseThrow(() -> new NotFoundException(NOT_FOUND));
+        Note noteProjection = repository.findMetadataById(id)
+                .orElseThrow(() -> new NotFoundException(NOT_FOUND));
         return NoteMetadata.from(noteProjection);
     }
 
-    @CacheEvict(value = {"content", "metadata"}, key = "#result.id")
-    public Note save(String content) {
-        Ulid id = UlidCreator.getUlid();
-
-        log.debug("Saving note [{}]", id);
+    public Note save(String content, EncryptionMode encryptionMode) {
+        Ulid id = getUlid();
+        UserContext user = UserContextHolder.get();
 
         Instant now = now();
-        return repository.save(new Note(id.toString(), content, UserContextHolder.get().id(), now, now));
+        return repository.save(new Note(id.toString(), content, user.id(), now, now, encryptionMode, null));
     }
 
     @CacheEvict(value = {"content", "metadata"}, key = "#id")
-    public Note update(String id, String content) {
-        Note note = repository.findById(id).orElseThrow(() -> new NotFoundException(NOT_FOUND));
+    public Note update(String id, String content, EncryptionMode encryptionMode, String password) {
+        Note existingNote = repository.findById(id).orElseThrow(() -> new NotFoundException(NOT_FOUND));
+        UserContext user = UserContextHolder.get();
+
+        if (existingNote.encryptionMode() == PRIVATE && !existingNote.createdBy().equals(user.id())) {
+            throw new UnauthorizedException("Not authorized to update this content");
+        }
 
-        log.debug("Updating note [{}]", id);
+        if ("1".equals(user.id())) {
+            encryptionMode = PUBLIC;
+            password = null;
+        }
 
-        return repository.save(new Note(id, content, note.createdBy(), note.createdAt(), now()));
+        if (encryptionMode == null) {
+            encryptionMode = existingNote.encryptionMode();
+        }
+
+        return repository.save(new Note(id, content, existingNote.createdBy(), existingNote.createdAt(), now(), encryptionMode, password));
+    }
+
+    @CacheEvict(value = {"content", "metadata"}, key = "#id")
+    public Note update(String id, String content) {
+        Note existingNote = repository.findById(id).orElseThrow(() -> new NotFoundException(NOT_FOUND));
+        return update(id, content, existingNote.encryptionMode(), null);
     }
 
 }

src/main/java/com/lhamacorp/knotes/util/CompressionUtils.java

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ import java.util.zip.GZIPOutputStream;
 
 /**
  * Utility class for GZIP compression and decompression of text content.
- * Provides transparent compression for note content to reduce database storage size.
+ * Provides transparent compression for content content to reduce database storage size.
  */
 public class CompressionUtils {
 

src/main/java/com/lhamacorp/knotes/util/EncryptionUtils.java

@@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
+package com.lhamacorp.knotes.util;
+
+import javax.crypto.Cipher;
+import javax.crypto.SecretKeyFactory;
+import javax.crypto.spec.GCMParameterSpec;
+import javax.crypto.spec.PBEKeySpec;
+import javax.crypto.spec.SecretKeySpec;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.security.SecureRandom;
+
+public class EncryptionUtils {
+
+    private static final String CIPHER_ALGORITHM = "AES/GCM/NoPadding";
+    private static final String KEY_ALGORITHM = "AES";
+    private static final String KEY_DERIVATION_ALGORITHM = "PBKDF2WithHmacSHA256";
+    private static final int IV_LENGTH = 12; // 96 bits for GCM
+    private static final int GCM_TAG_LENGTH = 16; // 128 bits
+    private static final int KEY_LENGTH = 256; // bits
+    private static final int SALT_LENGTH = 16; // 128 bits
+    private static final int PBKDF2_ITERATIONS = 1_000;
+
+    private static final SecureRandom SECURE_RANDOM = new SecureRandom();
+
+    public static byte[] encrypt(byte[] data, byte[] key) {
+        if (data == null || data.length == 0) {
+            return new byte[0];
+        }
+
+        if (key == null || key.length != KEY_LENGTH / 8) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Key must be exactly 256 bits (32 bytes)");
+        }
+
+        try {
+            // Generate random IV for this encryption
+            byte[] iv = new byte[IV_LENGTH];
+            SECURE_RANDOM.nextBytes(iv);
+
+            // Initialize cipher
+            Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance(CIPHER_ALGORITHM);
+            SecretKeySpec keySpec = new SecretKeySpec(key, KEY_ALGORITHM);
+            GCMParameterSpec gcmSpec = new GCMParameterSpec(GCM_TAG_LENGTH * 8, iv);
+            cipher.init(Cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE, keySpec, gcmSpec);
+
+            // Encrypt the data
+            byte[] ciphertext = cipher.doFinal(data);
+
+            // Format: [IV][Ciphertext with embedded auth tag]
+            ByteBuffer buffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(IV_LENGTH + ciphertext.length);
+            buffer.put(iv);
+            buffer.put(ciphertext);
+
+            return buffer.array();
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            throw new RuntimeException("Failed to encrypt data", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static byte[] decrypt(byte[] encryptedData, byte[] key, byte[] salt) {
+        if (encryptedData == null || encryptedData.length == 0) {
+            return new byte[0];
+        }
+
+        if (encryptedData.length < IV_LENGTH + GCM_TAG_LENGTH) {
+            throw new RuntimeException("Invalid encrypted data format");
+        }
+
+        if (key == null || key.length != KEY_LENGTH / 8) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Key must be exactly 256 bits (32 bytes)");
+        }
+
+        try {
+            ByteBuffer buffer = ByteBuffer.wrap(encryptedData);
+
+            // Extract IV
+            byte[] iv = new byte[IV_LENGTH];
+            buffer.get(iv);
+
+            // Extract ciphertext (includes auth tag)
+            byte[] ciphertext = new byte[buffer.remaining()];
+            buffer.get(ciphertext);
+
+            // Initialize cipher for decryption
+            Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance(CIPHER_ALGORITHM);
+            SecretKeySpec keySpec = new SecretKeySpec(key, KEY_ALGORITHM);
+            GCMParameterSpec gcmSpec = new GCMParameterSpec(GCM_TAG_LENGTH * 8, iv);
+            cipher.init(Cipher.DECRYPT_MODE, keySpec, gcmSpec);
+
+            // Decrypt and verify
+            return cipher.doFinal(ciphertext);
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            throw new RuntimeException("Failed to decrypt data", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static byte[] deriveOwnerKey(String userId, byte[] salt) {
+        if (userId == null || userId.isEmpty()) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("User ID cannot be null or empty");
+        }
+
+        if (salt == null || salt.length != SALT_LENGTH) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Salt must be exactly " + SALT_LENGTH + " bytes");
+        }
+
+        // Get application key from environment
+        String key = System.getProperty("knotes.encryption.key");
+        if (key == null) {
+            key = System.getenv("encryption_key");
+        }
+        if (key == null || key.isEmpty()) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("encryption_key environment variable not configured");
+        }
+
+        // Combine user ID with application key
+        String keyMaterial = userId + key;
+
+        return deriveKey(keyMaterial, salt);
+    }
+
+    public static byte[] derivePasswordKey(String password, byte[] salt) {
+        if (password == null || password.isEmpty()) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Password cannot be null or empty");
+        }
+
+        if (salt == null || salt.length != SALT_LENGTH) {
+            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Salt must be exactly " + SALT_LENGTH + " bytes");
+        }
+
+        return deriveKey(password, salt);
+    }
+
+    public static byte[] generateSalt() {
+        byte[] salt = new byte[SALT_LENGTH];
+        SECURE_RANDOM.nextBytes(salt);
+        return salt;
+    }
+
+    private static byte[] deriveKey(String keyMaterial, byte[] salt) {
+        try {
+            PBEKeySpec spec = new PBEKeySpec(
+                    keyMaterial.toCharArray(),
+                    salt,
+                    PBKDF2_ITERATIONS,
+                    KEY_LENGTH
+            );
+
+            SecretKeyFactory factory = SecretKeyFactory.getInstance(KEY_DERIVATION_ALGORITHM);
+            byte[] derivedKey = factory.generateSecret(spec).getEncoded();
+
+            spec.clearPassword();
+
+            return derivedKey;
+        } catch (Exception e) {
+            throw new RuntimeException("Failed to derive encryption key", e);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public static double getEncryptionOverhead(int originalSize, int encryptedSize) {
+        if (originalSize == 0) return 0.0;
+        return ((double) encryptedSize - originalSize) / originalSize;
+    }
+
+    public static void validateConfiguration() {
+        String key = System.getProperty("knotes.encryption.key");
+        if (key == null) {
+            key = System.getenv("encryption_key");
+        }
+
+        if (key == null || key.isEmpty()) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("encryption_key environment variable must be configured");
+        }
+
+        if (key.length() < 32) {
+            throw new IllegalStateException("encryption_key must be at least 32 characters long");
+        }
+    }
+}

src/main/java/com/lhamacorp/knotes/web/WebController.java

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ public class WebController {
     }
 
     /**
-     * Handle note ID paths by serving the index.html file
+     * Handle content ID paths by serving the index.html file
      * Matches any alphanumeric ID and forwards to 404 if not found
      */
     @GetMapping("/{noteId:[A-Za-z0-9]+}")

src/main/resources/application.yml

@@ -7,4 +7,7 @@ spring:
     uri: ${mongo:mongodb://localhost:27017}
 
 auth:
-  api: ${auth_api:}
+  api: ${auth_api:}
+
+encryption:
+  key: ${encryption_key:}

src/test/java/com/lhamacorp/knotes/api/NoteControllerTest.java

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import com.fasterxml.jackson.core.JsonProcessingException;
 import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.ObjectMapper;
 import com.lhamacorp.knotes.api.dto.NoteRequest;
 import com.lhamacorp.knotes.api.dto.NoteUpdateRequest;
+import com.lhamacorp.knotes.domain.EncryptionMode;
 import io.restassured.RestAssured;
 import io.restassured.response.Response;
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;
@@ -11,6 +12,7 @@ import org.junit.jupiter.api.DisplayName;
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
 import org.springframework.boot.test.context.SpringBootTest;
 import org.springframework.boot.test.web.server.LocalServerPort;
+import org.springframework.test.context.TestPropertySource;
 
 import java.io.IOException;
 import java.time.Instant;
@@ -23,13 +25,18 @@ import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
 import static io.restassured.RestAssured.given;
 import static io.restassured.http.ContentType.JSON;
 import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.equalTo;
+import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.notNullValue;
 import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.*;
 
 @SpringBootTest(webEnvironment = SpringBootTest.WebEnvironment.RANDOM_PORT)
+@TestPropertySource(properties = {
+    "encryption_key=test-pepper-for-integration-tests-must-be-long-enough-for-validation"
+})
 public class NoteControllerTest {
 
     private final ObjectMapper objectMapper = new ObjectMapper();
     String timestamp = LocalDateTime.now().toString();
+    private static final String TEST_PASSWORD = "secure-test-password-123";
 
     @LocalServerPort
     private int port;
@@ -262,7 +269,7 @@ public class NoteControllerTest {
     }
 
     @Test
-    @DisplayName("Should return 404 when updating a non-existent note")
+    @DisplayName("Should return 404 when updating a non-existent content")
     public void shouldReturn404OnUpdateNonExistent() throws JsonProcessingException {
         String nonExistentId = "00000000000000000000000000";
 
@@ -333,4 +340,427 @@ public class NoteControllerTest {
                 .path("createdAt");
     }
 
+    // ===== ENCRYPTION INTEGRATION TESTS =====
+
+    @Test
+    @DisplayName("Should create PUBLIC content with encryption metadata")
+    public void shouldCreatePublicNoteWithEncryptionMetadata() throws JsonProcessingException {
+        String expectedContent = "Public content content " + timestamp;
+        NoteRequest request = new NoteRequest(expectedContent);
+
+        String id = given()
+                .contentType(JSON)
+                .queryParam("encryptionMode", "PUBLIC")
+                .body(objectMapper.writeValueAsString(request))
+                .when()
+                .post("/notes")
+                .then()
+                .statusCode(200)
+                .body("content", equalTo(expectedContent))
+                .body("encryptionMode", equalTo("PUBLIC"))
+                .body("requiresPassword", equalTo(false))
+                .extract()
+                .path("id");
+
+        // Verify retrieval works without any authentication
+        given()
+                .when()
+                .get("/notes/" + id)
+                .then()
+                .statusCode(200)
+                .body("content", equalTo(expectedContent))
+                .body("encryptionMode", equalTo("PUBLIC"))
+                .body("requiresPassword", equalTo(false));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @DisplayName("Should create PRIVATE content with owner encryption")
+    public void shouldCreatePrivateNoteWithOwnerEncryption() throws JsonProcessingException {
+        String expectedContent = "Private content content " + timestamp;
+        NoteRequest request = new NoteRequest(expectedContent);
+
+        String id = given()
+                .contentType(JSON)
+                .queryParam("encryptionMode", "PRIVATE")
+                .body(objectMapper.writeValueAsString(request))
+                .when()
+                .post("/notes")
+                .then()
+                .statusCode(200)
+                .body("content", equalTo(expectedContent)) // Content should be decrypted in response
+                .body("encryptionMode", equalTo("PRIVATE"))
+                .body("requiresPassword", equalTo(false))
+                .extract()
+                .path("id");
+
+        // Verify retrieval works for owner
+        given()
+                .when()
+                .get("/notes/" + id)
+                .then()
+                .statusCode(200)
+                .body("content", equalTo(expectedContent))
+                .body("encryptionMode", equalTo("PRIVATE"))
+                .body("requiresPassword", equalTo(false));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @DisplayName("Should default to PRIVATE mode for authenticated users when no encryptionMode is specified")
+    public void shouldDefaultToPrivateModeForAuthenticatedUsers() throws JsonProcessingException {
+        String expectedContent = "Default encryption behavior test " + timestamp;
+        NoteRequest request = new NoteRequest(expectedContent);
+
+        String id = given()
+                .contentType(JSON)
+                .body(objectMapper.writeValueAsString(request))
+                .when()
+                .post("/notes")
+                .then()
+                .statusCode(200)
+                .body("content", equalTo(expectedContent))
+                .body("encryptionMode", equalTo("PRIVATE")) // Should default to PRIVATE for authenticated users
+                .body("requiresPassword", equalTo(false))
+                .extract()
+                .path("id");
+
+        // Verify the content can be retrieved by the owner
+        given()
+                .when()
+                .get("/notes/" + id)
+                .then()
+                .statusCode(200)
+                .body("content", equalTo(expectedContent))
+                .body("encryptionMode", equalTo("PRIVATE"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @DisplayName("Should create PASSWORD_SHARED content with password encryption")
+    public void shouldCreatePasswordSharedNoteWithPasswordEncryption() throws JsonProcessingException {
+        String expectedContent = "Password protected content content " + timestamp;
+        NoteRequest request = new NoteRequest(expectedContent);
+
+        String id = given()
+                .contentType(JSON)
+                .queryParam("encryptionMode", "PASSWORD_SHARED")
+                .queryParam("password", TEST_PASSWORD)
+                .body(objectMapper.writeValueAsString(request))
+                .when()
+                .post("/notes")
+                .then()
+                .statusCode(200)
+                .body("content", equalTo(expectedContent)) // Content should be decrypted in response
+                .body("encryptionMode", equalTo("PASSWORD_SHARED"))
+                .body("requiresPassword", equalTo(true))
+                .extract()
+                .path("id");
+
+        // Verify retrieval works with correct password
+        given()
+                .param("password", TEST_PASSWORD)
+                .when()
+                .get("/notes/" + id)
+                .then()
+                .statusCode(200)
+                .body("content", equalTo(expectedContent))
+                .body("encryptionMode", equalTo("PASSWORD_SHARED"))
+                .body("requiresPassword", equalTo(true));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @DisplayName("Should reject PASSWORD_SHARED content creation without password")
+    public void shouldRejectPasswordSharedNoteWithoutPassword() throws JsonProcessingException {
+        String expectedContent = "This should fail " + timestamp;
+        NoteRequest request = new NoteRequest(expectedContent);
+
+        given()
+                .contentType(JSON)
+                .body(objectMapper.writeValueAsString(request))
+                .when()
+                .post("/notes")
+                .then()
+                .statusCode(400); // Should fail validation
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @DisplayName("Should reject PASSWORD_SHARED content retrieval without password")
+    public void shouldRejectPasswordSharedNoteRetrievalWithoutPassword() throws JsonProcessingException {
+        String expectedContent = "Password required content " + timestamp;
+        NoteRequest request = new NoteRequest(expectedContent);
+
+        String id = given()
+                .contentType(JSON)
+                .body(objectMapper.writeValueAsString(request))
+                .when()
+                .post("/notes")
+                .then()
+                .statusCode(200)
+                .extract()
+                .path("id");
+
+        // Attempt retrieval without password should fail
+        given()
+                .when()
+                .get("/notes/" + id)
+                .then()
+                .statusCode(400); // Should fail with DecryptionException
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @DisplayName("Should reject PASSWORD_SHARED content retrieval with wrong password")
+    public void shouldRejectPasswordSharedNoteWithWrongPassword() throws JsonProcessingException {
+        String expectedContent = "Password required content " + timestamp;
+        NoteRequest request = new NoteRequest(expectedContent);
+
+        String id = given()
+                .contentType(JSON)
+                .body(objectMapper.writeValueAsString(request))
+                .when()
+                .post("/notes")
+                .then()
+                .statusCode(200)
+                .extract()
+                .path("id");
+
+        // Attempt retrieval with wrong password should fail
+        given()
+                .param("password", "wrong-password")
+                .when()
+                .get("/notes/" + id)
+                .then()
+                .statusCode(400); // Should fail with DecryptionException
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @DisplayName("Should update content encryption mode from PUBLIC to PRIVATE")
+    public void shouldUpdateNoteFromPublicToPrivate() throws JsonProcessingException {
+        String originalContent = "Original public content " + timestamp;
+        String updatedContent = "Updated private content " + timestamp;
+
+        // Create public content
+        String id = createNoteAction(originalContent);
+
+        // Update to private with new content
+        NoteUpdateRequest updateRequest = new NoteUpdateRequest(updatedContent, EncryptionMode.PRIVATE, null);
+
+        given()
+                .contentType(JSON)
+                .body(objectMapper.writeValueAsString(updateRequest))
+                .when()
+                .put("/notes/" + id)
+                .then()
+                .statusCode(200)
+                .body("content", equalTo(updatedContent))
+                .body("encryptionMode", equalTo("PRIVATE"))
+                .body("requiresPassword", equalTo(false));
+
+        // Verify the content is now private
+        given()
+                .when()
+                .get("/notes/" + id)
+                .then()
+                .statusCode(200)
+                .body("content", equalTo(updatedContent))
+                .body("encryptionMode", equalTo("PRIVATE"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @DisplayName("Should update content encryption mode from PRIVATE to PASSWORD_SHARED")
+    public void shouldUpdateNoteFromPrivateToPasswordShared() throws JsonProcessingException {
+        String originalContent = "Original private content " + timestamp;
+        String updatedContent = "Updated password shared content " + timestamp;
+
+        // Create private content
+        NoteRequest createRequest = new NoteRequest(originalContent);
+        String id = given()
+                .contentType(JSON)
+                .body(objectMapper.writeValueAsString(createRequest))
+                .when()
+                .post("/notes")
+                .then()
+                .statusCode(200)
+                .extract()
+                .path("id");
+
+        // Update to password shared with new content
+        NoteUpdateRequest updateRequest = new NoteUpdateRequest(updatedContent, EncryptionMode.PASSWORD_SHARED, TEST_PASSWORD);
+
+        given()
+                .contentType(JSON)
+                .body(objectMapper.writeValueAsString(updateRequest))
+                .when()
+                .put("/notes/" + id)
+                .then()
+                .statusCode(200)
+                .body("content", equalTo(updatedContent))
+                .body("encryptionMode", equalTo("PASSWORD_SHARED"))
+                .body("requiresPassword", equalTo(true));
+
+        // Verify retrieval now requires password
+        given()
+                .param("password", TEST_PASSWORD)
+                .when()
+                .get("/notes/" + id)
+                .then()
+                .statusCode(200)
+                .body("content", equalTo(updatedContent))
+                .body("encryptionMode", equalTo("PASSWORD_SHARED"))
+                .body("requiresPassword", equalTo(true));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @DisplayName("Should handle metadata endpoint with encryption information")
+    public void shouldReturnMetadataWithEncryptionInfo() throws JsonProcessingException {
+        String expectedContent = "Content for metadata test " + timestamp;
+        NoteRequest request = new NoteRequest(expectedContent);
+
+        String id = given()
+                .contentType(JSON)
+                .body(objectMapper.writeValueAsString(request))
+                .when()
+                .post("/notes")
+                .then()
+                .statusCode(200)
+                .extract()
+                .path("id");
+
+        // Verify metadata includes encryption information
+        given()
+                .when()
+                .get("/notes/" + id + "/metadata")
+                .then()
+                .statusCode(200)
+                .body("id", equalTo(id))
+                .body("encryptionMode", equalTo("PRIVATE"))
+                .body("requiresPassword", equalTo(false))
+                .body("createdAt", notNullValue())
+                .body("modifiedAt", notNullValue());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @DisplayName("Should handle backward compatibility with existing notes (default PUBLIC)")
+    public void shouldHandleBackwardCompatibilityWithPublicDefault() throws JsonProcessingException {
+        String expectedContent = "Backward compatibility test " + timestamp;
+
+        // Create content using old format (no encryption parameters)
+        String id = createNoteAction(expectedContent);
+
+        // Verify content defaults to PUBLIC mode
+        given()
+                .when()
+                .get("/notes/" + id)
+                .then()
+                .statusCode(200)
+                .body("content", equalTo(expectedContent))
+                .body("encryptionMode", equalTo("PUBLIC"))
+                .body("requiresPassword", equalTo(false));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @DisplayName("Should handle empty content with encryption")
+    public void shouldHandleEmptyContentWithEncryption() throws JsonProcessingException {
+        String emptyContent = "";
+        NoteRequest request = new NoteRequest(emptyContent);
+
+        String id = given()
+                .contentType(JSON)
+                .body(objectMapper.writeValueAsString(request))
+                .when()
+                .post("/notes")
+                .then()
+                .statusCode(200)
+                .body("content", equalTo(emptyContent))
+                .body("encryptionMode", equalTo("PRIVATE"))
+                .extract()
+                .path("id");
+
+        // Verify empty encrypted content can be retrieved
+        given()
+                .when()
+                .get("/notes/" + id)
+                .then()
+                .statusCode(200)
+                .body("content", equalTo(emptyContent))
+                .body("encryptionMode", equalTo("PRIVATE"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @DisplayName("Should handle special characters with encryption")
+    public void shouldHandleSpecialCharactersWithEncryption() throws JsonProcessingException {
+        String complexContent = "Encrypted special chars: áéíóú çãõ ñ | Symbols: @#$%^&*()_+-=[]{}|\\";
+        NoteRequest request = new NoteRequest(complexContent);
+
+        String id = given()
+                .contentType(JSON)
+                .body(objectMapper.writeValueAsString(request))
+                .when()
+                .post("/notes")
+                .then()
+                .statusCode(200)
+                .body("content", equalTo(complexContent))
+                .extract()
+                .path("id");
+
+        // Verify special characters survive encryption/decryption
+        given()
+                .param("password", TEST_PASSWORD)
+                .when()
+                .get("/notes/" + id)
+                .then()
+                .statusCode(200)
+                .body("content", equalTo(complexContent));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @DisplayName("Should validate encryption mode in update requests")
+    public void shouldValidateEncryptionModeInUpdateRequests() throws JsonProcessingException {
+        String originalContent = "Original content " + timestamp;
+        String updatedContent = "Updated content " + timestamp;
+
+        // Create public content
+        String id = createNoteAction(originalContent);
+
+        // Try to update to PASSWORD_SHARED without password
+        NoteUpdateRequest updateRequest = new NoteUpdateRequest(updatedContent, EncryptionMode.PASSWORD_SHARED, null);
+
+        given()
+                .contentType(JSON)
+                .body(objectMapper.writeValueAsString(updateRequest))
+                .when()
+                .put("/notes/" + id)
+                .then()
+                .statusCode(400); // Should fail validation
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @DisplayName("Should maintain encryption when updating content only")
+    public void shouldMaintainEncryptionWhenUpdatingContentOnly() throws IOException {
+        String originalContent = "Original encrypted content " + timestamp;
+        String updatedContent = "Updated encrypted content " + timestamp;
+
+        // Create private content
+        NoteRequest createRequest = new NoteRequest(originalContent);
+        String id = given()
+                .contentType(JSON)
+                .body(objectMapper.writeValueAsString(createRequest))
+                .when()
+                .post("/notes")
+                .then()
+                .statusCode(200)
+                .extract()
+                .path("id");
+
+        // Update content only (using old format)
+        updateNoteAction(id, updatedContent);
+
+        // Verify encryption mode is preserved
+        given()
+                .when()
+                .get("/notes/" + id)
+                .then()
+                .statusCode(200)
+                .body("content", equalTo(updatedContent))
+                .body("encryptionMode", equalTo("PRIVATE"))
+                .body("requiresPassword", equalTo(false));
+    }
+
 }

src/test/java/com/lhamacorp/knotes/domain/NoteTest.java

@@ -1,18 +1,37 @@
 package com.lhamacorp.knotes.domain;
 
+import com.lhamacorp.knotes.exception.DecryptionException;
+import com.lhamacorp.knotes.exception.UnauthorizedException;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.DisplayName;
 
 import java.time.Instant;
 
 import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.*;
 
+@DisplayName("Note Domain Model Tests")
 class NoteTest {
 
+    private static final String TEST_CONTENT = "This is a test content with some content for encryption testing.";
+    private static final String TEST_USER_ID = "test-user-123";
+    private static final String TEST_PASSWORD = "secure-password-123";
+    private static final String TEST_KEY = "test-application-key-for-key-derivation-security";
+
+    @BeforeEach
+    void setUp() {
+        // Set up test key for encryption tests
+        System.setProperty("knotes.encryption.key", TEST_KEY);
+    }
+
+    // ===== EXISTING TESTS (Backward Compatibility) =====
+
     @Test
+    @DisplayName("Constructor with string content should compress and store (backward compatibility)")
     void constructor_withStringContent_shouldCompressAndStore() {
         // Given
         String id = "test-id";
-        String content = "This is a test note with some content that should be compressed.";
+        String content = "This is a test content with some content that should be compressed.";
         Instant now = Instant.now();
 
         // When
@@ -27,9 +46,15 @@ class NoteTest {
         // Verify that content is actually stored compressed
         assertNotNull(note.compressedData());
         assertTrue(note.compressedData().getData().length > 0);
+
+        // Verify encryption defaults for backward compatibility
+        assertEquals(EncryptionMode.PUBLIC, note.encryptionMode());
+        assertNull(note.encryptionSalt());
+        assertFalse(note.requiresPassword());
     }
 
     @Test
+    @DisplayName("Constructor with null content should handle gracefully")
     void constructor_withNullContent_shouldHandleGracefully() {
         // Given
         String id = "test-id";
@@ -45,9 +70,10 @@ class NoteTest {
     }
 
     @Test
+    @DisplayName("Content with compressed data should decompress correctly")
     void content_withCompressedContent_shouldDecompressCorrectly() {
         // Given
-        String originalContent = "Test note content for compression verification.";
+        String originalContent = "Test content content for compression verification.";
         String id = "test-id";
         Instant now = Instant.now();
 
@@ -58,4 +84,277 @@ class NoteTest {
         // Then
         assertEquals(originalContent, retrievedContent);
     }
+
+    // ===== NEW ENCRYPTION TESTS =====
+
+    @Test
+    @DisplayName("Should create PUBLIC content with no encryption (default)")
+    void constructor_withPublicMode_shouldNotEncrypt() {
+        // Given
+        String id = "test-id";
+        Instant now = Instant.now();
+
+        // When
+        Note note = new Note(id, TEST_CONTENT, TEST_USER_ID, now, now, EncryptionMode.PUBLIC, null);
+
+        // Then
+        assertEquals(id, note.id());
+        assertEquals(TEST_CONTENT, note.content());
+        assertEquals(TEST_USER_ID, note.createdBy());
+        assertEquals(EncryptionMode.PUBLIC, note.encryptionMode());
+        assertNull(note.encryptionSalt());
+        assertFalse(note.requiresPassword());
+
+        // Content should be retrievable without authentication
+        assertEquals(TEST_CONTENT, note.content(null, null));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @DisplayName("Should create PRIVATE content with owner encryption")
+    void constructor_withPrivateMode_shouldEncryptForOwner() {
+        // Given
+        String id = "test-id";
+        Instant now = Instant.now();
+
+        // When
+        Note note = new Note(id, TEST_CONTENT, TEST_USER_ID, now, now, EncryptionMode.PRIVATE, null);
+
+        // Then
+        assertEquals(id, note.id());
+        assertEquals(TEST_USER_ID, note.createdBy());
+        assertEquals(EncryptionMode.PRIVATE, note.encryptionMode());
+        assertNotNull(note.encryptionSalt());
+        assertFalse(note.requiresPassword());
+
+        // Content should be retrievable by owner
+        assertEquals(TEST_CONTENT, note.content(TEST_USER_ID, null));
+
+        // Verify content is actually encrypted (compressed data should be different from original)
+        assertNotNull(note.compressedData());
+        // The encrypted data will be longer than just compressed data due to IV + auth tag
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @DisplayName("Should create PASSWORD_SHARED content with password encryption")
+    void constructor_withPasswordSharedMode_shouldEncryptWithPassword() {
+        // Given
+        String id = "test-id";
+        Instant now = Instant.now();
+
+        // When
+        Note note = new Note(id, TEST_CONTENT, TEST_USER_ID, now, now, EncryptionMode.PASSWORD_SHARED, TEST_PASSWORD);
+
+        // Then
+        assertEquals(id, note.id());
+        assertEquals(TEST_USER_ID, note.createdBy());
+        assertEquals(EncryptionMode.PASSWORD_SHARED, note.encryptionMode());
+        assertNotNull(note.encryptionSalt());
+        assertTrue(note.requiresPassword());
+
+        // Content should be retrievable with correct password
+        assertEquals(TEST_CONTENT, note.content(null, TEST_PASSWORD));
+        // Owner can also access with password
+        assertEquals(TEST_CONTENT, note.content(TEST_USER_ID, TEST_PASSWORD));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @DisplayName("Should reject PASSWORD_SHARED mode without password")
+    void constructor_withPasswordSharedModeNoPassword_shouldThrow() {
+        // Given
+        String id = "test-id";
+        Instant now = Instant.now();
+
+        // When & Then
+        IllegalArgumentException exception = assertThrows(IllegalArgumentException.class, () -> {
+            new Note(id, TEST_CONTENT, TEST_USER_ID, now, now, EncryptionMode.PASSWORD_SHARED, null);
+        });
+
+        assertTrue(exception.getMessage().contains("Password required for PASSWORD_SHARED mode"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @DisplayName("Should force PUBLIC mode for anonymous user")
+    void constructor_anonymousUser_shouldForcePublicMode() {
+        // Given
+        String id = "test-id";
+        String anonymousUserId = "1";
+        Instant now = Instant.now();
+
+        // When - try to create private content as anonymous user
+        Note note = new Note(id, TEST_CONTENT, anonymousUserId, now, now, EncryptionMode.PRIVATE, null);
+
+        // Then - should be forced to PUBLIC mode
+        assertEquals(EncryptionMode.PUBLIC, note.encryptionMode());
+        assertNull(note.encryptionSalt());
+        assertFalse(note.requiresPassword());
+        assertEquals(TEST_CONTENT, note.content());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @DisplayName("Should reject unauthorized access to PRIVATE content")
+    void content_privateNoteWrongUser_shouldThrowUnauthorized() {
+        // Given
+        String id = "test-id";
+        Instant now = Instant.now();
+        Note note = new Note(id, TEST_CONTENT, TEST_USER_ID, now, now, EncryptionMode.PRIVATE, null);
+
+        // When & Then
+        UnauthorizedException exception = assertThrows(UnauthorizedException.class, () -> {
+            note.content("different-user", null);
+        });
+
+        assertTrue(exception.getMessage().contains("Not authorized to decrypt this content"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @DisplayName("Should reject PASSWORD_SHARED content access without password")
+    void content_passwordSharedNoPassword_shouldThrowDecryptionException() {
+        // Given
+        String id = "test-id";
+        Instant now = Instant.now();
+        Note note = new Note(id, TEST_CONTENT, TEST_USER_ID, now, now, EncryptionMode.PASSWORD_SHARED, TEST_PASSWORD);
+
+        // When & Then
+        DecryptionException exception = assertThrows(DecryptionException.class, () -> {
+            note.content(null, null);
+        });
+
+        assertTrue(exception.getMessage().contains("Password required to decrypt this content"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @DisplayName("Should reject PASSWORD_SHARED content access with wrong password")
+    void content_passwordSharedWrongPassword_shouldThrowDecryptionException() {
+        // Given
+        String id = "test-id";
+        Instant now = Instant.now();
+        Note note = new Note(id, TEST_CONTENT, TEST_USER_ID, now, now, EncryptionMode.PASSWORD_SHARED, TEST_PASSWORD);
+
+        // When & Then
+        DecryptionException exception = assertThrows(DecryptionException.class, () -> {
+            note.content(null, "wrong-password");
+        });
+
+        assertTrue(exception.getMessage().contains("Failed to decrypt content"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @DisplayName("Should handle null encryption mode as PUBLIC (backward compatibility)")
+    void constructor_nullEncryptionMode_shouldDefaultToPublic() {
+        // Given
+        String id = "test-id";
+        Instant now = Instant.now();
+
+        // When
+        Note note = new Note(id, TEST_CONTENT, TEST_USER_ID, now, now, null, null);
+
+        // Then
+        assertEquals(EncryptionMode.PUBLIC, note.encryptionMode());
+        assertNull(note.encryptionSalt());
+        assertFalse(note.requiresPassword());
+        assertEquals(TEST_CONTENT, note.content());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @DisplayName("Should handle encrypted content with missing salt gracefully")
+    void content_encryptedNoteWithoutSalt_shouldThrowDecryptionException() {
+        // Given - create a content with some content first, then manually corrupt it to simulate missing salt
+        String id = "test-id";
+        Instant now = Instant.now();
+
+        // Create a valid encrypted content first
+        Note validNote = new Note(id, TEST_CONTENT, TEST_USER_ID, now, now, EncryptionMode.PRIVATE, null);
+
+        // Create a corrupted content - copy the encrypted data but remove the salt (simulating corruption)
+        Note corruptedNote = new Note(id, validNote.compressedData(), TEST_USER_ID, now, now,
+                                      EncryptionMode.PRIVATE, null, false);
+
+        // When & Then
+        DecryptionException exception = assertThrows(DecryptionException.class, () -> {
+            corruptedNote.content(TEST_USER_ID, null);
+        });
+
+        assertTrue(exception.getMessage().contains("Encryption metadata missing"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @DisplayName("Should encrypt different notes with same content differently (unique salts)")
+    void constructor_sameContentDifferentNotes_shouldProduceDifferentEncryptedData() {
+        // Given
+        String id1 = "test-id-1";
+        String id2 = "test-id-2";
+        Instant now = Instant.now();
+
+        // When
+        Note note1 = new Note(id1, TEST_CONTENT, TEST_USER_ID, now, now, EncryptionMode.PRIVATE, null);
+        Note note2 = new Note(id2, TEST_CONTENT, TEST_USER_ID, now, now, EncryptionMode.PRIVATE, null);
+
+        // Then
+        // Both should have different salts
+        assertNotNull(note1.encryptionSalt());
+        assertNotNull(note2.encryptionSalt());
+        assertFalse(java.util.Arrays.equals(note1.encryptionSalt().getData(), note2.encryptionSalt().getData()));
+
+        // Both should decrypt to the same content
+        assertEquals(TEST_CONTENT, note1.content(TEST_USER_ID, null));
+        assertEquals(TEST_CONTENT, note2.content(TEST_USER_ID, null));
+
+        // But encrypted data should be different
+        assertFalse(java.util.Arrays.equals(note1.compressedData().getData(), note2.compressedData().getData()));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @DisplayName("Should handle empty content with encryption")
+    void constructor_emptyContentWithEncryption_shouldWork() {
+        // Given
+        String id = "test-id";
+        String emptyContent = "";
+        Instant now = Instant.now();
+
+        // When
+        Note note = new Note(id, emptyContent, TEST_USER_ID, now, now, EncryptionMode.PRIVATE, null);
+
+        // Then
+        assertEquals(EncryptionMode.PRIVATE, note.encryptionMode());
+        assertNotNull(note.encryptionSalt());
+        assertEquals(emptyContent, note.content(TEST_USER_ID, null));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @DisplayName("Should preserve creation metadata through encryption constructors")
+    void constructor_withEncryption_shouldPreserveMetadata() {
+        // Given
+        String id = "test-id";
+        Instant createdAt = Instant.now().minusSeconds(3600); // 1 hour ago
+        Instant modifiedAt = Instant.now();
+
+        // When
+        Note note = new Note(id, TEST_CONTENT, TEST_USER_ID, createdAt, modifiedAt, EncryptionMode.PRIVATE, null);
+
+        // Then
+        assertEquals(id, note.id());
+        assertEquals(TEST_USER_ID, note.createdBy());
+        assertEquals(createdAt, note.createdAt());
+        assertEquals(modifiedAt, note.modifiedAt());
+        assertEquals(EncryptionMode.PRIVATE, note.encryptionMode());
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @DisplayName("Should support different users with same password for PASSWORD_SHARED notes")
+    void content_passwordSharedDifferentUsers_shouldAllowAccess() {
+        // Given
+        String id = "test-id";
+        Instant now = Instant.now();
+        Note note = new Note(id, TEST_CONTENT, TEST_USER_ID, now, now, EncryptionMode.PASSWORD_SHARED, TEST_PASSWORD);
+
+        // When & Then
+        // Original owner can access
+        assertEquals(TEST_CONTENT, note.content(TEST_USER_ID, TEST_PASSWORD));
+
+        // Different user can also access with password
+        assertEquals(TEST_CONTENT, note.content("different-user", TEST_PASSWORD));
+
+        // Anonymous user can access with password
+        assertEquals(TEST_CONTENT, note.content("1", TEST_PASSWORD));
+    }
 }

src/test/java/com/lhamacorp/knotes/service/NoteServiceTest.java

@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ class NoteServiceTest {
     void setUp() {
         testId = "01ABCDEF1234567890ABCDEF12";
         testUserId = "user123";
-        testContent = "This is a test note content";
+        testContent = "This is a test content content";
         testCreatedAt = Instant.parse("2024-01-01T10:00:00Z");
         testModifiedAt = Instant.parse("2024-01-01T11:00:00Z");
         testNote = new Note(testId, testContent, testUserId, testCreatedAt, testModifiedAt);
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ class NoteServiceTest {
     @Test
     void save_shouldCreateNewNoteWithGeneratedId() {
         // Given
-        String content = "New note content";
+        String content = "New content content";
         ArgumentCaptor<Note> noteCaptor = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(Note.class);
 
         Note savedNote = new Note("generated-ulid", content, testUserId, now(), now());
@@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ class NoteServiceTest {
     @Test
     void update_whenNoteExists_shouldUpdateContentAndModifiedDate() {
         // Given
-        String updatedContent = "Updated note content";
+        String updatedContent = "Updated content content";
         when(repository.findById(testId)).thenReturn(Optional.of(testNote));
 
         ArgumentCaptor<Note> noteCaptor = ArgumentCaptor.forClass(Note.class);

src/test/java/com/lhamacorp/knotes/util/CompressionUtilsTest.java

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ class CompressionUtilsTest {
     @Test
     void compressAndDecompress_shouldReturnOriginalText() {
         // Given
-        String originalText = "This is a test note with some content that should compress well. " +
+        String originalText = "This is a test content with some content that should compress well. " +
                              "This is repeated text. This is repeated text. This is repeated text.";
 
         // When
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ class CompressionUtilsTest {
     @Test
     void compress_largeRepeatingText_shouldAchieveHighCompressionRatio() {
         // Given - Large text with lots of repetition (typical of notes with repeated patterns)
-        String pattern = "This is a repeated pattern in a note that demonstrates compression. ";
+        String pattern = "This is a repeated pattern in a content that demonstrates compression. ";
         String largeText = pattern.repeat(50);
 
         // When
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ class CompressionUtilsTest {
                 "dark_mode": true,
                 "auto_save": true
               },
-              "description": "A note-taking application with GZIP compression",
+              "description": "A content-taking application with GZIP compression",
               "metadata": {
                 "created": "2024",
                 "author": "Developer",

src/test/java/com/lhamacorp/knotes/util/EncryptionUtilsTest.java

@@ -0,0 +1,431 @@
+package com.lhamacorp.knotes.util;
+
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.DisplayName;
+
+import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
+
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.*;
+
+@DisplayName("EncryptionUtils Tests")
+class EncryptionUtilsTest {
+
+    private static final String TEST_CONTENT = "This is a test content with some content that should be encrypted properly.";
+    private static final String TEST_USER_ID = "test-user-123";
+    private static final String TEST_PASSWORD = "secure-password-123";
+    private static final String TEST_PEPPER = "test-application-pepper-for-key-derivation-security";
+
+    @BeforeEach
+    void setUp() {
+        // Set up test key for encryption
+        System.setProperty("knotes.encryption.key", TEST_PEPPER);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @DisplayName("Should encrypt and decrypt data successfully with round-trip integrity")
+    void testEncryptDecryptRoundTrip() {
+        // Given
+        byte[] originalData = TEST_CONTENT.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
+        byte[] salt = EncryptionUtils.generateSalt();
+        byte[] key = EncryptionUtils.deriveOwnerKey(TEST_USER_ID, salt);
+
+        // When
+        byte[] encrypted = EncryptionUtils.encrypt(originalData, key);
+        byte[] decrypted = EncryptionUtils.decrypt(encrypted, key, salt);
+
+        // Then
+        assertNotNull(encrypted);
+        assertNotNull(decrypted);
+        assertArrayEquals(originalData, decrypted);
+
+        // Verify encrypted data is different from original
+        assertNotEquals(originalData.length, encrypted.length);
+        assertFalse(java.util.Arrays.equals(originalData, encrypted));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @DisplayName("Should generate unique salts for each invocation")
+    void testSaltUniqueness() {
+        // When
+        byte[] salt1 = EncryptionUtils.generateSalt();
+        byte[] salt2 = EncryptionUtils.generateSalt();
+        byte[] salt3 = EncryptionUtils.generateSalt();
+
+        // Then
+        assertEquals(16, salt1.length); // Verify correct salt length
+        assertEquals(16, salt2.length);
+        assertEquals(16, salt3.length);
+
+        assertFalse(java.util.Arrays.equals(salt1, salt2));
+        assertFalse(java.util.Arrays.equals(salt2, salt3));
+        assertFalse(java.util.Arrays.equals(salt1, salt3));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @DisplayName("Should derive same owner key for same user ID and salt")
+    void testOwnerKeyDeterministic() {
+        // Given
+        byte[] salt = EncryptionUtils.generateSalt();
+
+        // When
+        byte[] key1 = EncryptionUtils.deriveOwnerKey(TEST_USER_ID, salt);
+        byte[] key2 = EncryptionUtils.deriveOwnerKey(TEST_USER_ID, salt);
+
+        // Then
+        assertNotNull(key1);
+        assertNotNull(key2);
+        assertEquals(32, key1.length); // 256 bits = 32 bytes
+        assertArrayEquals(key1, key2);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @DisplayName("Should derive different keys for different user IDs")
+    void testOwnerKeyUserSpecific() {
+        // Given
+        byte[] salt = EncryptionUtils.generateSalt();
+
+        // When
+        byte[] key1 = EncryptionUtils.deriveOwnerKey("user1", salt);
+        byte[] key2 = EncryptionUtils.deriveOwnerKey("user2", salt);
+
+        // Then
+        assertNotNull(key1);
+        assertNotNull(key2);
+        assertFalse(java.util.Arrays.equals(key1, key2));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @DisplayName("Should derive same password key for same password and salt")
+    void testPasswordKeyDeterministic() {
+        // Given
+        byte[] salt = EncryptionUtils.generateSalt();
+
+        // When
+        byte[] key1 = EncryptionUtils.derivePasswordKey(TEST_PASSWORD, salt);
+        byte[] key2 = EncryptionUtils.derivePasswordKey(TEST_PASSWORD, salt);
+
+        // Then
+        assertNotNull(key1);
+        assertNotNull(key2);
+        assertEquals(32, key1.length); // 256 bits = 32 bytes
+        assertArrayEquals(key1, key2);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @DisplayName("Should derive different keys for different passwords")
+    void testPasswordKeyPasswordSpecific() {
+        // Given
+        byte[] salt = EncryptionUtils.generateSalt();
+
+        // When
+        byte[] key1 = EncryptionUtils.derivePasswordKey("password1", salt);
+        byte[] key2 = EncryptionUtils.derivePasswordKey("password2", salt);
+
+        // Then
+        assertNotNull(key1);
+        assertNotNull(key2);
+        assertFalse(java.util.Arrays.equals(key1, key2));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @DisplayName("Should fail decryption with wrong key")
+    void testDecryptWithWrongKeyFails() {
+        // Given
+        byte[] originalData = TEST_CONTENT.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
+        byte[] salt = EncryptionUtils.generateSalt();
+        byte[] correctKey = EncryptionUtils.deriveOwnerKey(TEST_USER_ID, salt);
+        byte[] wrongKey = EncryptionUtils.deriveOwnerKey("different-user", salt);
+
+        byte[] encrypted = EncryptionUtils.encrypt(originalData, correctKey);
+
+        // When & Then
+        RuntimeException exception = assertThrows(RuntimeException.class, () -> {
+            EncryptionUtils.decrypt(encrypted, wrongKey, salt);
+        });
+
+        assertTrue(exception.getMessage().contains("Failed to decrypt data"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @DisplayName("Should fail decryption with wrong password-derived key")
+    void testDecryptWithWrongPasswordFails() {
+        // Given
+        byte[] originalData = TEST_CONTENT.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
+        byte[] salt = EncryptionUtils.generateSalt();
+        byte[] correctKey = EncryptionUtils.derivePasswordKey(TEST_PASSWORD, salt);
+        byte[] wrongKey = EncryptionUtils.derivePasswordKey("wrong-password", salt);
+
+        byte[] encrypted = EncryptionUtils.encrypt(originalData, correctKey);
+
+        // When & Then
+        RuntimeException exception = assertThrows(RuntimeException.class, () -> {
+            EncryptionUtils.decrypt(encrypted, wrongKey, salt);
+        });
+
+        assertTrue(exception.getMessage().contains("Failed to decrypt data"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @DisplayName("Should handle empty data gracefully")
+    void testEncryptEmptyData() {
+        // Given
+        byte[] emptyData = new byte[0];
+        byte[] salt = EncryptionUtils.generateSalt();
+        byte[] key = EncryptionUtils.deriveOwnerKey(TEST_USER_ID, salt);
+
+        // When
+        byte[] encrypted = EncryptionUtils.encrypt(emptyData, key);
+        byte[] decrypted = EncryptionUtils.decrypt(encrypted, key, salt);
+
+        // Then
+        assertNotNull(encrypted);
+        assertNotNull(decrypted);
+        assertEquals(0, decrypted.length);
+        assertArrayEquals(emptyData, decrypted);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @DisplayName("Should handle null data gracefully")
+    void testEncryptNullData() {
+        // Given
+        byte[] salt = EncryptionUtils.generateSalt();
+        byte[] key = EncryptionUtils.deriveOwnerKey(TEST_USER_ID, salt);
+
+        // When
+        byte[] encrypted = EncryptionUtils.encrypt(null, key);
+
+        // Then
+        assertNotNull(encrypted);
+        assertEquals(0, encrypted.length);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @DisplayName("Should validate key length requirements")
+    void testInvalidKeyLength() {
+        // Given
+        byte[] data = TEST_CONTENT.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
+        byte[] salt = EncryptionUtils.generateSalt();
+        byte[] shortKey = new byte[16]; // 128 bits instead of required 256
+
+        // When & Then
+        IllegalArgumentException exception = assertThrows(IllegalArgumentException.class, () -> {
+            EncryptionUtils.encrypt(data, shortKey);
+        });
+
+        assertTrue(exception.getMessage().contains("Key must be exactly 256 bits"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @DisplayName("Should validate salt length for owner key derivation")
+    void testInvalidSaltLengthOwner() {
+        // Given
+        byte[] shortSalt = new byte[8]; // Too short
+
+        // When & Then
+        IllegalArgumentException exception = assertThrows(IllegalArgumentException.class, () -> {
+            EncryptionUtils.deriveOwnerKey(TEST_USER_ID, shortSalt);
+        });
+
+        assertTrue(exception.getMessage().contains("Salt must be exactly 16 bytes"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @DisplayName("Should validate salt length for password key derivation")
+    void testInvalidSaltLengthPassword() {
+        // Given
+        byte[] shortSalt = new byte[8]; // Too short
+
+        // When & Then
+        IllegalArgumentException exception = assertThrows(IllegalArgumentException.class, () -> {
+            EncryptionUtils.derivePasswordKey(TEST_PASSWORD, shortSalt);
+        });
+
+        assertTrue(exception.getMessage().contains("Salt must be exactly 16 bytes"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @DisplayName("Should fail key derivation with null user ID")
+    void testNullUserId() {
+        // Given
+        byte[] salt = EncryptionUtils.generateSalt();
+
+        // When & Then
+        IllegalArgumentException exception = assertThrows(IllegalArgumentException.class, () -> {
+            EncryptionUtils.deriveOwnerKey(null, salt);
+        });
+
+        assertTrue(exception.getMessage().contains("User ID cannot be null or empty"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @DisplayName("Should fail key derivation with empty user ID")
+    void testEmptyUserId() {
+        // Given
+        byte[] salt = EncryptionUtils.generateSalt();
+
+        // When & Then
+        IllegalArgumentException exception = assertThrows(IllegalArgumentException.class, () -> {
+            EncryptionUtils.deriveOwnerKey("", salt);
+        });
+
+        assertTrue(exception.getMessage().contains("User ID cannot be null or empty"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @DisplayName("Should fail key derivation with null password")
+    void testNullPassword() {
+        // Given
+        byte[] salt = EncryptionUtils.generateSalt();
+
+        // When & Then
+        IllegalArgumentException exception = assertThrows(IllegalArgumentException.class, () -> {
+            EncryptionUtils.derivePasswordKey(null, salt);
+        });
+
+        assertTrue(exception.getMessage().contains("Password cannot be null or empty"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @DisplayName("Should fail key derivation with empty password")
+    void testEmptyPassword() {
+        // Given
+        byte[] salt = EncryptionUtils.generateSalt();
+
+        // When & Then
+        IllegalArgumentException exception = assertThrows(IllegalArgumentException.class, () -> {
+            EncryptionUtils.derivePasswordKey("", salt);
+        });
+
+        assertTrue(exception.getMessage().contains("Password cannot be null or empty"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @DisplayName("Should fail decryption with corrupted data")
+    void testDecryptCorruptedData() {
+        // Given
+        byte[] originalData = TEST_CONTENT.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
+        byte[] salt = EncryptionUtils.generateSalt();
+        byte[] key = EncryptionUtils.deriveOwnerKey(TEST_USER_ID, salt);
+
+        byte[] encrypted = EncryptionUtils.encrypt(originalData, key);
+
+        // Corrupt the encrypted data
+        encrypted[encrypted.length - 1] = (byte) (encrypted[encrypted.length - 1] ^ 0xFF);
+
+        // When & Then
+        RuntimeException exception = assertThrows(RuntimeException.class, () -> {
+            EncryptionUtils.decrypt(encrypted, key, salt);
+        });
+
+        assertTrue(exception.getMessage().contains("Failed to decrypt data"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @DisplayName("Should fail decryption with invalid encrypted data format")
+    void testDecryptInvalidFormat() {
+        // Given
+        byte[] invalidData = "not-encrypted-data".getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
+        byte[] salt = EncryptionUtils.generateSalt();
+        byte[] key = EncryptionUtils.deriveOwnerKey(TEST_USER_ID, salt);
+
+        // When & Then
+        RuntimeException exception = assertThrows(RuntimeException.class, () -> {
+            EncryptionUtils.decrypt(invalidData, key, salt);
+        });
+
+        assertTrue(exception.getMessage().contains("Invalid encrypted data format") ||
+                   exception.getMessage().contains("Failed to decrypt data"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @DisplayName("Should calculate encryption overhead correctly")
+    void testEncryptionOverhead() {
+        // Given
+        int originalSize = 1000;
+        int encryptedSize = 1100;
+
+        // When
+        double overhead = EncryptionUtils.getEncryptionOverhead(originalSize, encryptedSize);
+
+        // Then
+        assertEquals(0.1, overhead, 0.001); // 10% overhead
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @DisplayName("Should handle zero original size in overhead calculation")
+    void testEncryptionOverheadZeroOriginal() {
+        // Given
+        int originalSize = 0;
+        int encryptedSize = 100;
+
+        // When
+        double overhead = EncryptionUtils.getEncryptionOverhead(originalSize, encryptedSize);
+
+        // Then
+        assertEquals(0.0, overhead, 0.001);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @DisplayName("Should validate configuration successfully with pepper")
+    void testValidateConfigurationSuccess() {
+        // Given - pepper is already set in setUp()
+
+        // When & Then - should not throw
+        assertDoesNotThrow(EncryptionUtils::validateConfiguration);
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @DisplayName("Should fail validation when encryption key is not configured")
+    void testValidateConfigurationMissingKey() {
+        // Given
+        System.clearProperty("knotes.encryption.key");
+
+        // When & Then
+        IllegalStateException exception = assertThrows(IllegalStateException.class, () -> {
+            EncryptionUtils.validateConfiguration();
+        });
+
+        assertTrue(exception.getMessage().contains("encryption_key environment variable must be configured"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @DisplayName("Should fail validation when encryption key is too short")
+    void testValidateConfigurationShortKey() {
+        // Given
+        System.setProperty("knotes.encryption.key", "short");
+
+        // When & Then
+        IllegalStateException exception = assertThrows(IllegalStateException.class, () -> {
+            EncryptionUtils.validateConfiguration();
+        });
+
+        assertTrue(exception.getMessage().contains("encryption_key must be at least 32 characters long"));
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @DisplayName("Should produce different ciphertext with same content but different salts")
+    void testDifferentSaltsProduceDifferentCiphertext() {
+        // Given
+        byte[] content = TEST_CONTENT.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
+        byte[] salt1 = EncryptionUtils.generateSalt();
+        byte[] salt2 = EncryptionUtils.generateSalt();
+
+        byte[] key1 = EncryptionUtils.deriveOwnerKey(TEST_USER_ID, salt1);
+        byte[] key2 = EncryptionUtils.deriveOwnerKey(TEST_USER_ID, salt2);
+
+        // When
+        byte[] encrypted1 = EncryptionUtils.encrypt(content, key1);
+        byte[] encrypted2 = EncryptionUtils.encrypt(content, key2);
+
+        // Then
+        assertFalse(java.util.Arrays.equals(encrypted1, encrypted2));
+
+        // But both should decrypt to the same content
+        byte[] decrypted1 = EncryptionUtils.decrypt(encrypted1, key1, salt1);
+        byte[] decrypted2 = EncryptionUtils.decrypt(encrypted2, key2, salt2);
+
+        assertArrayEquals(content, decrypted1);
+        assertArrayEquals(content, decrypted2);
+    }
+}